The Use of Seizure Drugs for Pain Management in Workers' Compensation

By Cameron Hannum, BBA, PharmD, Sr. Clinical Account Pharmacist

The shift away from opioids to the use of non-opioid alternative medications for pain has likely been influenced by increased prescriber and patient awareness of the nation’s opioid epidemic as well as the risks surrounding this therapeutic class, growing regulations, and prescribing guideline reforms, and enhanced clinical oversight efforts by pharmacy benefit managers and other managed care entities.

Pain Medication Categories

There are three main categories for pharmaceutical management of pain: opioid analgesics, non-opioid analgesics, and adjuvant medications. Opioid analgesics include drugs such as morphine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone. Non-opioid analgesics are comprised of acetaminophen (Tylenol®), NSAIDs (Motrin®, Aleve®, Celebrex®), and salicylates (Aspirin®). These two categories are available in combination as well where an opioid is paired with a non-opioid analgesic to provide enhanced pain relief while allowing for lower doses of each drug (thus minimizing the potential for dose-related side effects). Examples include hydrocodone-acetaminophen (Vicodin®, Norco®, Lortab®), oxycodone-acetaminophen (Percocet®, Endocet®), and hydrocodone-ibuprofen (Vicoprofen®, Ibudone®). 

The third category, adjuvant analgesics, represents those medications that are not typically classified as analgesics but that have been shown to provide benefit in patients with certain types of pain conditions. Examples include, but are not limited to, therapeutic classes such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, alpha-2 adrenergic agonists (such as clonidine or tizanidine), and topicals (such as capsaicin).

Anticonvulsants and Pain

Anticonvulsants include a variety of drugs that have been Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of various forms of seizure disorders. While opioids work centrally (through the brain and spinal cord) to affect the way the body perceives pain, the way in which anticonvulsants provide analgesia is less clear. Some anticonvulsants have been shown to be more effective than others for managing chronic and/or neuropathic pain. The rationale for the use of anticonvulsants for the management of pain lies in the similarities observed between the way some epilepsy conditions and neuropathic pain models behave. In other words, similar pathways and neurotransmitters engage in each disease state. For example, the Official Disability Guidelines (ODG) recommend the use of gabapentin (Neurontin®) or Lyrica® as first-line anticonvulsant options for pain. These anticonvulsants are thought to work centrally (in the spinal cord) by affecting some of the “messengers” (GABA and calcium channels) contributing to seizure or neuropathic pain activity. 

Anticonvulsants are typically prescribed if the injured employee has sudden, “shock-like” pains that appear to involve damage to, or pressure on, the nerves (e.g., sciatica) or for symptoms of pain associated with numbing, tingling, burning, or weakness. They can be prescribed for chronic pain where signals of pain may remain active in the nervous system for months or years beyond the original offending injury. The 2022 Mitchell Pharmacy Solutions Drug Trends Report observed a higher use of anticonvulsants in claims aged two years and older. This fits with the idea that these types of medications are typically reserved for cases of chronic pain or pain that has not been effectively managed by opioid or non-opioid analgesics alone thus prompting the addition of an adjuvant medication.

About the Author

Cameron Hannum is a senior clinical pharmacist for Mitchell Pharmacy Solutions. In his role, he serves in a client facing capacity as part of the Pharmacy Benefit Management (PBM) team and is responsible for supporting and partnering with insurers, third party administrators and direct employers in developing and operationalizing strategic pharmacy initiatives for their clinical programs. 

Cameron is also a regular contributor to Mitchell’s Ask The Pharmacist Series where this article originally appeared.

www.mitchell.com 

References: 

http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/ 

https://www.odgbymcg.com/

https://www.enlyte.com/drug-trends 

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